Modern efforts to protect individuals who participate in research projects began with the . This code was developed to serve as a standard for use during the Nuremberg Trials to judge the human experimentation by the Nazis. From that time, there were several other examples of atrocities that led to the development of the  in 1964 and later the in 1979.
These atrocities and the concerns that arose from them prompted the federal government to take action to protect individuals who serve as participants in research studies. In 1971, the federal government (then the Department of Health, Education and Welfare) began to create the Institutional Review Board (IRB) system.
This system was designed to protect individuals by authorizing institutions to create IRBs to review all research proposals that are done under its auspices. As such, the ÌÇÐÄvlog IRB is authorized and charged with reviewing all research proposals that use human participants. This is true whether the project will be funded or not.
Selected ethics websites
Ethics and Bioethics: Academic and Educational Sites
Professional organizations
| Organization | Website | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Academy of Management: | (SS) | |
| ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Task Force | Â (Version 5.2) | (NS) |
| American Anthropological Association | (SS) | |
| American Association for the Advancement of Science has no formal code of ethics | (NS, SS) | |
| American Association of Petroleum Geologists | (NS) | |
| American Association of School Administrators | (SS) | |
| American Association of University Professors | (H, SS, NS) | |
| American Chemical Society | (NS) | |
| American Counseling Association | (SS) | |
| American Educational Research Association | (SS) | |
| American Historical Association | (H) | |
| American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works | (H) | |
| American Library Association | (H) | |
| American Mathematical Society | (NS) | |
| American Medical Association | (SS) | |
| American Nurses Association | (SS) | |
| American Physical Society | (NS) | |
| American Psychological Association | (SS) | |
| American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | (NS) | |
| American Society for Information Science and Technology | (NS) | |
| American Society of Newspaper Editors | (H) | |
| American Sociological Association | (SS) | |
| American Statistical Association | (SS, NS) | |
| Association for Computing Machinery | (NS) | |
| Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions at the Illinois Institute of Technology | (H, SS, NS) | |
| Ecological Society of America | (NS) | |
| International Bar Association | (SS) | |
| International Council of Nurses | (SS) | |
| Music Teachers National Association | (H) | |
| National Association of Social Workers | (SS) | |
| Oral History Association | (H, SS) | |
| Professional Photographers of America | (H) | |
| Register of Professional Archaeologists | (SS) | |
| Society of American Archivists | (H) | |
| Society of American Business Editors and Writers, Inc. | (H, SS) | |
| Society of Professional Journalists | (H) | |
| World Medical Association |
(H) = Humanities
(SS) = Social Sciences
(NS) = Natural Sciences